Qiskit

Qiskit

Use current Qiskit 2.x APIs to build circuits, prepare hardware-compatible instruction set architecture (ISA) circuits, and execute them through V2 primitives.

This skill was verified on 2026-07-23 against the PyPI releases qiskit==2.5.0, qiskit-ibm-runtime==0.48.0, and qiskit-aer==0.17.2. Check references/sources.md before changing pins or documenting newly released behavior.

Choose the Right Path

Installation

Create an isolated environment and install only the components needed:

uv venv --python 3.13
source .venv/bin/activate

# Core SDK plus plotting support
uv pip install "qiskit[visualization]==2.5.0"

# Add only when needed
uv pip install "qiskit-ibm-runtime==0.48.0"
uv pip install "qiskit-aer==0.17.2"

Do not install qiskit-terra; it was superseded by the qiskit distribution. Qiskit Runtime, Aer, Nature, Machine Learning, Optimization, and Algorithms are separate distributions.

For IBM account setup, CI-safe credential handling, optional packages, and environment repair, read references/setup.md.

Core Workflow

Follow this sequence for every hardware-oriented workload:

1. Map the problem to a circuit and, for Estimator, one or more observables.
2. Optimize the parameterized circuit once for the selected backend.
3. Apply the layout to every observable.
4. Execute ISA circuits through a V2 primitive using Primitive Unified Blocs (PUBs).
5. Analyze register-aware results, metadata, uncertainty, and resource usage.

Do not bind and retranspile a parameterized circuit inside every optimizer iteration. Transpile the parameterized circuit once, then pass parameter arrays in PUBs.

Quick Local Sampling

from qiskit import QuantumCircuit
from qiskit.primitives import StatevectorSampler

circuit = QuantumCircuit(2)
circuit.h(0)
circuit.cx(0, 1)
circuit.measure_all()  # creates the classical register named "meas"

sampler = StatevectorSampler(seed=7)
pub_result = sampler.run([circuit], shots=1024).result()[0]
counts = pub_result.data.meas.get_counts()
print(counts)

Sampler V2 preserves shots and classical-register structure. Access the register by its actual name; measure_all() uses meas.

Quick Local Estimation

import numpy as np
from qiskit import QuantumCircuit
from qiskit.circuit import Parameter
from qiskit.primitives import StatevectorEstimator
from qiskit.quantum_info import SparsePauliOp

theta = Parameter("theta")
circuit = QuantumCircuit(2)
circuit.ry(theta, 0)
circuit.cx(0, 1)

observable = SparsePauliOp.from_list([("ZZ", 1.0), ("XX", 0.5)])
parameter_values = [[0.0], [np.pi / 4], [np.pi / 2]]

estimator = StatevectorEstimator(seed=7)
pub = (circuit, observable, parameter_values)
pub_result = estimator.run([pub]).result()[0]
print(pub_result.data.evs)

Estimator circuits should not contain final measurements. PUB arrays broadcast; verify circuit parameter order before constructing large sweeps.

IBM QPU Sampling

This example assumes credentials were saved securely as described in references/setup.md. It never embeds or prints an API key.

from qiskit import QuantumCircuit
from qiskit.transpiler import generate_preset_pass_manager
from qiskit_ibm_runtime import QiskitRuntimeService, SamplerV2 as Sampler

service = QiskitRuntimeService()
backend = service.least_busy(
    operational=True,
    simulator=False,
    min_num_qubits=2,
)

circuit = QuantumCircuit(2)
circuit.h(0)
circuit.cx(0, 1)
circuit.measure_all()

pass_manager = generate_preset_pass_manager(
    backend=backend,
    optimization_level=1,
    seed_transpiler=7,
)
isa_circuit = pass_manager.run(circuit)

sampler = Sampler(mode=backend)
job = sampler.run([isa_circuit], shots=1024)
print("job_id:", job.job_id())
counts = job.result()[0].data.meas.get_counts()

Save the job ID before waiting for results so the job can be retrieved later.

IBM QPU Estimation

Runtime Estimator requires both an ISA circuit and observables mapped through the transpiler layout:

from qiskit import QuantumCircuit
from qiskit.quantum_info import SparsePauliOp
from qiskit.transpiler import generate_preset_pass_manager
from qiskit_ibm_runtime import EstimatorV2 as Estimator

circuit = QuantumCircuit(2)
circuit.h(0)
circuit.cx(0, 1)
observable = SparsePauliOp.from_list([("ZZ", 1.0)])

pass_manager = generate_preset_pass_manager(
    backend=backend,
    optimization_level=1,
    seed_transpiler=7,
)
isa_circuit = pass_manager.run(circuit)
isa_observable = observable.apply_layout(isa_circuit.layout)

estimator = Estimator(
    mode=backend,
    options={"resilience_level": 1},
)
pub_result = estimator.run(
    [(isa_circuit, isa_observable)],
    precision=0.02,
).result()[0]
print(pub_result.data.evs, pub_result.data.stds)

Error mitigation is not guaranteed to improve every workload and increases cost. Record the complete options and result metadata.

Non-Negotiable Qiskit 2.x Rules

• Use V2 primitive interfaces and PUB inputs. Do not write new V1 Sampler, Estimator, or QuantumInstance code.
• Runtime primitives accept ISA circuits; they do not perform layout, routing, and basis translation for you.
• Apply the transpiler layout to Estimator observables with observable.apply_layout(isa_circuit.layout).
• Use mode=backend, mode=session, or mode=batch for Runtime primitives.
• Use EstimatorV2 for resilience levels and expectation-value mitigation. Sampler has different noise-management options and no Estimator-style resilience levels.
• Treat BackendV2.target, backend.operation_names, backend.coupling_map, and direct backend attributes as the source of hardware constraints. Do not use backend.configuration() or BackendProperties.
• Read Sampler output by classical register name. Bitstrings are displayed most-significant bit first; Qiskit qubit 0 is conventionally the least-significant bit.
• Use a fixed seed_transpiler when comparing compilation settings. A simulator seed does not make QPU results deterministic.
• qiskit.pulse was removed in Qiskit 2.0. Use supported fractional gates for IBM hardware or Qiskit Dynamics for pulse-model research.
• QPY is the Qiskit-native circuit serialization format. Do not use Python pickle for untrusted circuit artifacts.

See references/migration.md for a detailed old-to-current API map.

Execution Modes

Choose based on workload shape and account plan:

• Job mode: one-off work; instantiate a primitive with mode=backend.
• Batch mode: independent jobs submitted together; available on the Open Plan.
• Session mode: iterative jobs that benefit from prioritized follow-on execution; unavailable on the Open Plan.

from qiskit_ibm_runtime import Batch, SamplerV2 as Sampler

with Batch(backend=backend, max_time="10m") as batch:
    sampler = Sampler(mode=batch)
    jobs = [sampler.run([circuit], shots=1024) for circuit in isa_circuits]

results = [job.result() for job in jobs]

Close sessions and batches after submission. Exiting their context stops new submissions but allows accepted jobs to finish, subject to service limits.

Reference Map

Read only the files needed for the current task: