Project Structure

.NET Project Structure and Build Configuration

When to Use This Skill

Use this skill when:

• Setting up a new .NET solution with modern best practices
• Configuring centralized build properties across multiple projects
• Implementing central package version management
• Setting up SourceLink for debugging and NuGet packages
• Automating version management with release notes
• Pinning SDK versions for consistent builds

Recommended Solution Layout

MyApp/
├── .config/
│   └── dotnet-tools.json           # Local .NET tools
├── .editorconfig
├── .gitignore
├── global.json
├── nuget.config
├── Directory.Build.props
├── Directory.Build.targets
├── Directory.Packages.props
├── MyApp.slnx                       # .NET 9+ SDK / VS 17.13+
├── src/
│   ├── MyApp.Core/
│   │   └── MyApp.Core.csproj
│   ├── MyApp.Api/
│   │   ├── MyApp.Api.csproj
│   │   ├── Program.cs
│   │   └── appsettings.json
│   └── MyApp.Infrastructure/
│       └── MyApp.Infrastructure.csproj
└── tests/
    ├── MyApp.UnitTests/
    │   └── MyApp.UnitTests.csproj
    └── MyApp.IntegrationTests/
        └── MyApp.IntegrationTests.csproj

Key principles:

• Separate src/ and tests/ directories
• One project per concern (Core/Domain, Infrastructure, API/Host)
• Solution file at the repo root
• All shared build configuration at the repo root

Solution File Formats

.slnx (Modern — .NET 9+)

The XML-based solution format is human-readable and diff-friendly. Requires .NET 9+ SDK or Visual Studio 17.13+.

<Solution>
  <Folder Name="/build/">
    <File Path="Directory.Build.props" />
    <File Path="Directory.Packages.props" />
    <File Path="global.json" />
    <File Path="NuGet.Config" />
  </Folder>
  <Folder Name="/src/">
    <Project Path="src/MyApp.Core/MyApp.Core.csproj" />
    <Project Path="src/MyApp.Api/MyApp.Api.csproj" />
    <Project Path="src/MyApp.Infrastructure/MyApp.Infrastructure.csproj" />
  </Folder>
  <Folder Name="/tests/">
    <Project Path="tests/MyApp.UnitTests/MyApp.UnitTests.csproj" />
    <Project Path="tests/MyApp.IntegrationTests/MyApp.IntegrationTests.csproj" />
  </Folder>
</Solution>

Migrating from .sln to .slnx

dotnet sln MySolution.sln migrate

Important: Do not keep both .sln and .slnx files in the same repository.

Creating a New .slnx Solution

# .NET 10+: Creates .slnx by default
dotnet new sln --name MySolution

# .NET 9: Specify the format explicitly
dotnet new sln --name MySolution --format slnx

dotnet sln add src/MyApp/MyApp.csproj

Benefits

• Dramatically fewer merge conflicts
• Human-readable and editable
• Consistent with modern .csproj format
• Better diff/review experience in pull requests

Directory.Build.props

Shared MSBuild properties applied to all projects in the directory subtree.

<Project>
  <!-- Metadata -->
  <PropertyGroup>
    <Authors>Your Team</Authors>
    <Company>Your Company</Company>
    <Copyright>Copyright © 2020-$([System.DateTime]::Now.Year) Your Company</Copyright>
    <Product>Your Product</Product>
    <PackageProjectUrl>https://github.com/yourorg/yourrepo</PackageProjectUrl>
    <RepositoryUrl>https://github.com/yourorg/yourrepo</RepositoryUrl>
    <PackageLicenseExpression>Apache-2.0</PackageLicenseExpression>
  </PropertyGroup>

  <!-- C# Language Settings -->
  <PropertyGroup>
    <LangVersion>latest</LangVersion>
    <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
    <ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
    <TreatWarningsAsErrors>true</TreatWarningsAsErrors>
    <EnforceCodeStyleInBuild>true</EnforceCodeStyleInBuild>
    <AnalysisLevel>latest-all</AnalysisLevel>
    <NoWarn>$(NoWarn);CS1591</NoWarn>
  </PropertyGroup>

  <!-- Target Framework Definitions -->
  <PropertyGroup>
    <NetStandardLibVersion>netstandard2.0</NetStandardLibVersion>
    <NetLibVersion>net8.0</NetLibVersion>
    <NetTestVersion>net9.0</NetTestVersion>
  </PropertyGroup>

  <!-- SourceLink Configuration -->
  <PropertyGroup>
    <PublishRepositoryUrl>true</PublishRepositoryUrl>
    <EmbedUntrackSources>true</EmbedUntrackSources>
    <IncludeSymbols>true</IncludeSymbols>
    <SymbolPackageFormat>snupkg</SymbolPackageFormat>
    <DebugType>embedded</DebugType>
    <ContinuousIntegrationBuild Condition="'$(CI)' == 'true'">true</ContinuousIntegrationBuild>
  </PropertyGroup>

  <ItemGroup>
    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.SourceLink.GitHub" PrivateAssets="All" />
  </ItemGroup>

  <!-- NuGet Package Assets -->
  <ItemGroup>
    <None Include="$(MSBuildThisFileDirectory)logo.png" Pack="true" PackagePath="\" />
    <None Include="$(MSBuildThisFileDirectory)README.md" Pack="true" PackagePath="\" />
  </ItemGroup>

  <PropertyGroup>
    <PackageIcon>logo.png</PackageIcon>
    <PackageReadmeFile>README.md</PackageReadmeFile>
  </PropertyGroup>

  <!-- Global Using Statements -->
  <ItemGroup>
    <Using Include="System.Collections.Immutable" />
  </ItemGroup>
</Project>

Nested Directory.Build.props

Inner files do not automatically import outer files:

<!-- src/Directory.Build.props -->
<Project>
  <Import Project="$([MSBuild]::GetPathOfFileAbove('Directory.Build.props', '$(MSBuildThisFileDirectory)../'))" />
  <PropertyGroup>
    <!-- src-specific settings -->
  </PropertyGroup>
</Project>

Directory.Build.targets

Imported after project evaluation. Use for:

• Shared analyzer package references
• Custom build targets
• Conditional logic based on project type

<Project>
  <ItemGroup>
    <PackageReference Include="Meziantou.Analyzer" PrivateAssets="all" />
    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.BannedApiAnalyzers" PrivateAssets="all" />
  </ItemGroup>
</Project>

Directory.Packages.props - Central Package Management

CPM centralizes all NuGet package versions at the repo root. Individual .csproj files reference packages without a Version attribute.

<Project>
  <PropertyGroup>
    <ManagePackageVersionsCentrally>true</ManagePackageVersionsCentrally>
    <CentralPackageTransitivePinningEnabled>true</CentralPackageTransitivePinningEnabled>
  </PropertyGroup>

  <PropertyGroup>
    <AkkaVersion>1.5.35</AkkaVersion>
    <AspireVersion>9.1.0</AspireVersion>
  </PropertyGroup>

  <ItemGroup Label="App Dependencies">
    <PackageVersion Include="Akka" Version="$(AkkaVersion)" />
    <PackageVersion Include="Akka.Cluster" Version="$(AkkaVersion)" />
    <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting" Version="9.0.0" />
  </ItemGroup>

  <ItemGroup Label="Test Dependencies">
    <PackageVersion Include="xunit.v3" Version="3.2.2" />
    <PackageVersion Include="xunit.runner.visualstudio" Version="3.1.5" />
    <PackageVersion Include="FluentAssertions" Version="7.0.0" />
    <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.NET.Test.Sdk" Version="18.0.1" />
    <PackageVersion Include="coverlet.collector" Version="8.0.0" />
  </ItemGroup>

  <ItemGroup Label="Build Dependencies">
    <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.SourceLink.GitHub" Version="8.0.0" />
  </ItemGroup>
</Project>

Consuming Packages (No Version Needed)

<!-- In MyApp.csproj -->
<ItemGroup>
  <PackageReference Include="Akka" />
  <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting" />
</ItemGroup>

Version Overrides

<PackageReference Include="Newtonsoft.Json" VersionOverride="13.0.3" />

.editorconfig

Place at the repo root to enforce consistent code style:

root = true

[*]
indent_style = space
indent_size = 4
end_of_line = lf
charset = utf-8
trim_trailing_whitespace = true
insert_final_newline = true

[*.{csproj,props,targets,xml,json,yml,yaml}]
indent_size = 2

[*.cs]
csharp_style_namespace_declarations = file_scoped:warning
csharp_prefer_braces = true:warning
csharp_style_var_for_built_in_types = true:suggestion
csharp_style_var_when_type_is_apparent = true:suggestion
dotnet_style_require_accessibility_modifiers = always:warning