Cryptokit

CryptoKit

Apple CryptoKit provides a Swift-native API for cryptographic operations: hashing, message authentication, symmetric encryption, public-key signing, key agreement, HPKE, quantum-secure key encapsulation/signing, and Secure Enclave-backed keys. Most core primitives are available on iOS 13+; check availability for HPKE (iOS 17+) and SHA-3 / post-quantum APIs (iOS 26+). Prefer CryptoKit over CommonCrypto or raw Security framework APIs for new cryptographic primitive code targeting Swift 6.3+.

Contents

• Hashing
• HMAC
• Symmetric Encryption
• Public-Key Signing
• Key Agreement
• HPKE
• Post-Quantum CryptoKit
• Secure Enclave
• Common Mistakes
• Review Checklist
• References

Hashing

Use SHA256/SHA384/SHA512 on iOS 13+; SHA3_256/SHA3_384/SHA3_512 require iOS 26+. All conform to HashFunction.

One-shot hashing

import CryptoKit

let data = Data("Hello, world!".utf8)
let digest = SHA256.hash(data: data)
let hex = digest.compactMap { String(format: "%02x", $0) }.joined()

SHA-3 availability

Use SHA-3 only behind an availability check unless the deployment target is iOS 26+:

if #available(iOS 26.0, *) {
    let digest = SHA3_256.hash(data: data)
}

Incremental hashing

For large data or streaming input, hash incrementally:

var hasher = SHA256()
hasher.update(data: chunk1)
hasher.update(data: chunk2)
let digest = hasher.finalize()

Digest comparison

Compare CryptoKit digest values directly. Do not convert digests to strings or arrays for security-sensitive equality checks.

let expected = SHA256.hash(data: reference)
let actual = SHA256.hash(data: received)
if expected == actual {
    // Data integrity verified
}

HMAC

Use HMAC when a protocol requires keyed message authentication; verify with isValidAuthenticationCode rather than comparing serialized values yourself.

Computing an authentication code

let key = SymmetricKey(size: .bits256)
let data = Data("message".utf8)

let mac = HMAC<SHA256>.authenticationCode(for: data, using: key)

Verifying an authentication code

let isValid = HMAC<SHA256>.isValidAuthenticationCode(
    mac, authenticating: data, using: key
)

Incremental HMAC

var hmac = HMAC<SHA256>(key: key)
hmac.update(data: chunk1)
hmac.update(data: chunk2)
let mac = hmac.finalize()

Symmetric Encryption

CryptoKit provides two authenticated encryption ciphers: AES-GCM and ChaChaPoly. Both produce a sealed box containing the nonce, ciphertext, and authentication tag.

AES-GCM

The default choice for symmetric encryption. Hardware-accelerated on Apple silicon.

let key = SymmetricKey(size: .bits256)
let plaintext = Data("Secret message".utf8)

// Encrypt
let sealedBox = try AES.GCM.seal(plaintext, using: key)
let ciphertext = sealedBox.combined!  // nonce + ciphertext + tag

// Decrypt
let box = try AES.GCM.SealedBox(combined: ciphertext)
let decrypted = try AES.GCM.open(box, using: key)

ChaChaPoly

Use ChaChaPoly when AES hardware acceleration is unavailable or when interoperating with protocols that require ChaCha20-Poly1305 (e.g., TLS, WireGuard).

let sealedBox = try ChaChaPoly.seal(plaintext, using: key)
let combined = sealedBox.combined  // Always non-optional for ChaChaPoly

let box = try ChaChaPoly.SealedBox(combined: combined)
let decrypted = try ChaChaPoly.open(box, using: key)

Authenticated data

Both ciphers support additional authenticated data (AAD). The AAD is authenticated but not encrypted -- useful for metadata that must remain in the clear but be tamper-proof.

let header = Data("v1".utf8)
let sealedBox = try AES.GCM.seal(
    plaintext, using: key, authenticating: header
)
let decrypted = try AES.GCM.open(
    sealedBox, using: key, authenticating: header
)

Use .bits256 as the default SymmetricKey size for AES-256-GCM or ChaChaPoly. To create a key from existing data:

let key = SymmetricKey(data: existingKeyData)

Public-Key Signing

CryptoKit supports ECDSA signing with NIST curves and Ed25519 via Curve25519.

NIST curves: P256, P384, P521

let signingKey = P256.Signing.PrivateKey()
let publicKey = signingKey.publicKey

// Sign
let signature = try signingKey.signature(for: data)

// Verify
let isValid = publicKey.isValidSignature(signature, for: data)

P384 and P521 use the same API -- substitute the curve name.

NIST keys support DER, PEM, X9.63, and raw representations. See references/cryptokit-patterns.md for serialization examples.

Curve25519 / Ed25519

let signingKey = Curve25519.Signing.PrivateKey()
let publicKey = signingKey.publicKey

// Sign
let signature = try signingKey.signature(for: data)

// Verify
let isValid = publicKey.isValidSignature(signature, for: data)

Curve25519 keys use rawRepresentation only (no DER/PEM/X9.63).

Choosing a curve

Use P256 by default. Use Curve25519 when interoperating with Ed25519-based protocols.

Key Agreement

Key agreement lets two parties derive a shared symmetric key from their public/private key pairs using ECDH.

ECDH with P256

// Alice
let aliceKey = P256.KeyAgreement.PrivateKey()

// Bob
let bobKey = P256.KeyAgreement.PrivateKey()

// Alice computes shared secret
let sharedSecret = try aliceKey.sharedSecretFromKeyAgreement(
    with: bobKey.publicKey
)

// Derive a symmetric key using HKDF
let symmetricKey = sharedSecret.hkdfDerivedSymmetricKey(
    using: SHA256.self,
    salt: Data("salt".utf8),
    sharedInfo: Data("my-app-v1".utf8),
    outputByteCount: 32
)

Bob computes the same sharedSecret using his private key and Alice's public key. Both derive the same symmetricKey.

ECDH with Curve25519

let aliceKey = Curve25519.KeyAgreement.PrivateKey()
let bobKey = Curve25519.KeyAgreement.PrivateKey()

let sharedSecret = try aliceKey.sharedSecretFromKeyAgreement(
    with: bobKey.publicKey
)

let symmetricKey = sharedSecret.hkdfDerivedSymmetricKey(
    using: SHA256.self,
    salt: Data(),
    sharedInfo: Data("context".utf8),
    outputByteCount: 32
)

Key derivation functions

SharedSecret is not directly usable as a SymmetricKey. Always derive a key using one of:

Always provide a non-empty sharedInfo string to bind the derived key to a specific protocol context.

HPKE

HPKE is available on iOS 17+ for public-key encryption workflows. Prefer it over hand-rolled ECDH + HKDF + AEAD protocols when encrypting to a recipient public key.

let info = Data("my-protocol-v1".utf8)
let recipientKey = Curve25519.KeyAgreement.PrivateKey()
var sender = try HPKE.Sender(
    recipientKey: recipientKey.publicKey,
    ciphersuite: .Curve25519_SHA256_ChachaPoly,
    info: info
)
let encapsulatedKey = sender.encapsulatedKey
let ciphertext = try sender.seal(
    plaintext,
    authenticating: Data("metadata".utf8)
)

var recipient = try HPKE.Recipient(
    privateKey: recipientKey,
    ciphersuite: .Curve25519_SHA256_ChachaPoly,
    info: info,
    encapsulatedKey: encapsulatedKey
)

HPKE.Sender and HPKE.Recipient are stateful; keep them as var, send